高考英语:弄清定状语 读懂长短句

2017-11-02 高中英语作文

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⊙ 重庆七中 张少均

句子是构成篇章的基本单位。要读懂一篇文章,首先要理解每个句子。同样,要写出一篇文章,首先要写好每个句子。一个句子最短的基本成分是“主+谓”,最长的基本成分是“主+谓+宾+补”。基本成分的修饰语为附属成分:定语—修饰限制名词或代词的单词﹑短语或从句;状语—修饰限制谓语﹑句子或句子里一部分的单词﹑短语或从句。

一、附属成分作定语

英语中的定语可分为限制性定语和非限制性定语。用来作定语的有:名词﹑数词﹑形容词﹑代词﹑副词﹑介词短语﹑非谓语动词和定语从句等等。

1. 限制性定语:单个词放在被修饰的词前面,短语和从句放在被修饰的词后面。

(1)名词﹑形容词﹑副词﹑数词﹑代词或介词短语等;

①She orked in a shoe factory.

②Please don’t be so cruel to a ten-year-old child like that.

副词作定语一般放在被修饰的词后面, 以表示位置的居多。如:

③Do you kno the man over there?

④Poor Jack tottered to ard a hospital nearby.

present, absent, a-开头的形容词和形容词短语作定语放在被修饰的词之后。可以理解成 hich /that / ho +is( as) / are( ere)引导的定语从句的省略。如:

⑤All the people present at the party ere his supporters.

⑥I think he is the oldest man alive in the small to n.

(1)非谓语动词(短语),一般可转换成限制性定语从句。

①Let’s find a restaurant to have lunch in.

句中黑体部分可改为: here/in hich e can have lunch

②The repairs cost a lot, but it’s money ell spent.

句中黑体部分可改为:that/ hich as ell spent

【注】 -ing形式作定语时只能用一般式, 表示与谓语动词动作同时发生,不可使用其完成式。如:

③Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage seized the girl and took her a ay, disappearing into the oods.

句中黑体部分可改为: ho/that as driving a golden carriage

④The flo ers smelling s eet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.

句中黑体部分可改为:that/ hich smell s eet in the botanic garden

(3)限制性定语从句。

①We are living in an age hen/in hich many things are done on computer.

②Many people ho had seen the film ere afraid to go to the forest hen they remembered the scenes in hich people ere eaten by the tiger.

2. 非限制性定语,一般放在后面,对中心词起修饰作用,而不对其进行限制。省略之后对句子意思的表达影响不大。

(1)名词﹑数词﹑形容词等短语,可理解为一个省略的非限制性定语从句。

①David, our English teacher, appreciated your idea much.

句中黑体部分可改为: ho as our English teacher

②He as sent to France, a European country.

句中黑体部分可改为: hich as a European country

(2)非谓语动词(短语),一般可转换成非限制性定语从句。如:

The manager, making it clear to us that he didn’t agree ith us, left the meeting room.

句中黑体部分可改为: ho made it clear to us that he didn’t agree ith us

(3)非限制性定语从句,常可转换成分词或并列句。如:

①John said he’d been orking in the office for an hour, hich as true.

句中黑体部分可改为:and it as true

②The famous basketball star, ho tried to make a comeback, attracted a lot of attention.

句中黑体部分可改为:trying to make a comeback

【注】 as引导的'非限制性定语从句常可提前,但and引导的并列句应在前一个分句后。如:

As is often the case, e have orked out the production plan.

可改为:We have orked out the production plan and it is often the case.

二、附属成分作状语

状语是用来修饰限制谓语﹑整个句子或句子里的一部分。常用来作状语的有:形容词﹑副词﹑介词短语﹑非谓语动词和状语从句等等。状语和句子间的逻辑关系各有不同,可以分成不同的状语:原因状语、时间状语、条件状语、结果状语、让步状语、伴随状语、目的状语、结果状语等等。

(1)形容词﹑副词和介词短语等作状语。如:

①Thirsty, he t into a tea house. (thirsty 是形容词,可看成是分词短语being thirsty的省略,对主语he进行补充说明)

②She sat quietly in her seat.(quietly是副词,修饰动作sat)

【注】 形容词通常不作状语,偶尔有形容词作状语,通常表示原因、方式、伴随、时间、让步等。如:

③He came in, full of fear. (表伴随,相当于When he came in, he as full of fear.)

④Ripe, the fruit tastes better. (表时间,相当于When the fruit is ripe.)

⑤Right or  rong, I ill stand on your side. (表让步,相当于Whether you are right or  rong.)

(2)非谓语动词(短语),可转换成状语从句。如:

①Lost in the mountains for a eek, the t o students ere finally saved by the local police. =句中黑体部分可补充为:After they ere lost in the mountains for a eek.

②It as unbelievable that the fans aited outside the gym for three hours just to have a look at the sports stars.

句中黑体部分可改为:in order that they could have a look at the sports stars

(3)状语从句。

①The house could fall do n soon if no one does some quick repair ork. (表条件)

②Roses need special care so that they can live through inter. (表目的)

③Since /as the eather is so bad, e have to delay our journey.(表原因)

④He speaks English as though he ere an Englishman. (表方式)

熟练掌握句子的附属成分,对准确理解句子意思大有裨益,对长句的理解很有好处。在阅读中,有利于将长句读短,去掉枝蔓,抓住核心,提高篇章的理解能力。了解句子的附属成分也有助于写作。正确使用好句子附属成分能将意思表达更加准确,叙述更加生动,丰富表达方式,增强文章感染力。

真题精练

1. (2010年上海)I made so many changes in my composition that only I could read it. To _____ else, it as hard to make out.

A. none B. everyone C. someone D. anyone

2. (2010年北京)There have been several ne events _____ to the program for the 2010 Olympic Games.

A. add B. to add C. adding D. added

3. (2010年广东)No matter ho frequently _____, the orks of Beethoven still attract people all over the orld.

A. performing B. performed

C. to be performed D. being performed

4. (2010年陕西)He hurried to the booking office only __ that all the tickets had been sold out.

A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told

5. (2010年天津)The Beatle, ___ many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool.

A. hat B. that C. ho D. as

6. (2010年江西)The hurricane damaged many houses and business buildings; _____, it caused 20 deaths.

A. or else B. therefore

C. after all D. besides

7. (2010年湖南)I had just stepped out the bathroom and as busily drying myself ith a to el _____ I heard the steps.

A. hile B. hen C. since D. after

8. (2010年浙江)I as given three books on cooking, the first _____ I really enjoyed.

A. of that B. of hich C. that D. hich

9. (2010年上海)—It’s a top secret.

—Yes, I see. I ill keep the secret _____ you and me.

A. ith B. around C. among D. bet een

10. (2010年江苏)My most famous relative of all, _____ ho really left his mark on America, as Red Sussel, my great-grand father.

A. one B. the one C. he D. someone

(Keys: 1. D 2. D 3. B 4. B 5. D 6. D 7. B 8. B 9. D 10. C)

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