高二英语考试重点作文参考

2017-09-03 高二年级英语作文

  篇一:高二英语期中考试作文专项训练

  【作文一】

  现在全国很多学校出现了一种新的教学方式:小组合作学习方式(group—centered studying)。在此之前,常用的方式是“填鸭式教学(forced—feeding method of teaching)”:这两种方式各有特点,请你以“Forced-feeding teaching or group-centered studying” 为题.按照以下要点写一篇150词左右的短文:

  1.填鸭式教学:老师讲得多,把知识灌输给学生,课堂气氛沉闷,学生缺乏主动性;

  2.小组合作学习:老师讲得少,同学们一起讨论、相互学习。有学习的积极性,但部分同学容易养成偷懒的习惯;

  3.你喜欢的方式和理由。

  【作文二】

  目前,每个城市每天都产生大量的垃圾,垃圾分类刻不容缓,请根据下表,用英语写一篇短文。

  注意:

  1.词数:150左右。

  2.内容可适当发挥,注意行文连贯。

  3.参考词汇:垃圾分类rubbish classification

  【作文三】

  假定你所在学校最近要举办一次英语征文大赛,请你根据下表内容,用英语写一篇有关

  注意:

  1.短文须包括所有要点,结论部分可自由发挥;

  2.词数:150左右;

  3.开头己给出,但不计入总词数。

  In life we can hardly do without friends.

  ___________________________________________________________________________

  【作文四】

  最近,你和你的朋友对高三学生进行了一次家访和调查,学生的反馈情况见下表。请你以What I want to speak out most 为题,写一篇150词左右的短文,向《英语周报》投稿。开头己给出,但不计入总词数。

  What I want to speak out most

  As a Senior 3student, I have many things in mind to speak out.

  First…

  【作文五】

  2008年5月12号,我国四川省汶川县发生了8级地震。请根据下图提示,用英语介绍一下当时的情况及震后救灾的情况。

  注意:1.词数120左右:

  2.可根据图画提示适当增加细节,使行文连贯;

  3.参考词汇: 人民解放军:PLA 总理:n.premier

  【作文六】

  假设最近你作为研究性学习的课题组成员就对高中英语新教材的看法在同学们中间展开调查,调查结果如下:

  请你根据以上调查写一份120词左右的调查报告。报告的开头已给出,但不计入总词数。 I recently made a survey about different views on the new English textbook among my classmates.

  _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________

  范文:

  【作文一】

  One possible version:

  Forced-feeding teaching or group-centered studying

  There are basically two teaching methods at present. One is forced-feeding teaching, the other is group-centered studying.

  With forced-feeding teaching, teachers spend much time on the instructions while the students are busy taking notes. Therefore, it leads to the whole class not taking an active role in their lessons, which makes the class very dull.

  With group-centered studying introduced into schools, the class has changed a great deal. Students can exchange what they learn and express their opinions freely. But it has a shortcoming: Some students get into the habit of being lazy.

  As far as I am concerned, I prefer to study in a team, which offers students a chance to learn how to express their opinions. What's more, it can make students form the good habit of looking up a large quantity of information in advance. In a word, we can benefit a lot from studying in a team.

  【作文二】

  At present, society produces a large amount of rubbish, such as leftover food, waste paper, plastic bottles and batteries every day. Rubbish has become a big headache in every city and is becoming a major environmental problem. It has become necessary to deal with this issue. So, how to solve this problemI think rubbish classification is a good way to deal with it.

  Firstly, rubbish classification can reduce the amount of rubbish and the rubbish pollution to the environment. Secondly, it is a scientific and effective way to manage rubbish. What's more, by classifying rubbish it allows us to recycle resources, which will improve the quality of our living conditions and help the environment.

  Since rubbish classification has so many advantages, our government should take effective measures to introduce this policy immediately. Different dustbins should be placed in public

  places so that residents can leave their sorted rubbish in them.

  【作文三】

  In life we can hardly do without friends. Friends are an important part in our lives. WhyAs we know, life is not easy. There are many difficulties and problems we can't overcome through our own efforts alone. We need friends to support and help us out of them. Also, We need friends to share our joys and sorrows. Otherwise, we will suffer from loneliness and feel sad.

  However, there are many kinds of friends. What is true friendshipAs the popular saying goes, "A friend in need is a friend indeed." True friends are those who never desert you when they are badly needed. They will offer you practical help sincerely and unselfishly even at the cost of their own interests. What's more, they will encourage you to stick to what is right and to avoid doing what is wrong or illegal, however stubborn you are.

  In conclusion, make friends with those who can share our feelings and will come through difficulties with us.

  【作文四】

  What I want to speak out most

  As a Senior 3 student, I have many things in mind to speak out.

  First, I’d like to advise the headmaster to create a better environment for us students to live and study in. You see, we devote ourselves to our lessons. But all work and no play make Jack a dull boy. We need some time to relax. For us, relaxation is equally important. Strangely enough, this is seemingly neglected. Also, we hope the headmaster can have more communication with us so that we can voice our opinions in time. Second, I hope our teachers can smile more in class and leave us more free time to think for ourselves. They are just too serious in class! They know better than us that a smiling face is like sunshine, which will warm the heart of everyone involved! As for our parents, we do expect that they can have a better understanding of us. After all, we need to .learn to be independent.

  篇二:高二英语美文素材

  (一)I Have a Dream 我有一个梦想

  I Have a Dream

  I am happy to join with you today in what will go down in history as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation.

  Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation Proclamation. This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice. It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of bad captivity.

  But one hundred years later, the Negro still is not free. One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. One hundred years later, the Negro is still languished in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land. So we've come here today to dramatize a shameful condition.

  I am not unmindful that some of you have come here out of great trials and tribulations. Some of you have come fresh from narrow jail cells. Some of you have come from areas where your quest for freedom left you battered by the storms of persecution and staggered by the winds of police brutality. You have been the veterans of creative suffering. Continue to work with the faith that unearned suffering is redemptive.

  Go back to Mississippi, go back to Alabama, go back to South Carolina, go back to Georgia, go back to Louisiana, go back to the slums and ghettos of our northern cities, knowing that somehow this situation can and will be changed. Let us not wallow in the valley of despair.

  I say to you today, my friends, so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream.

  I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up, live up to the true meaning of its creed: "We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men are created equal."

  I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave-owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood.

  I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice.

  I have a dream that my four children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color if their skin but by the content of their character.

  I have a dream today.

  I have a dream that one day down in Alabama with its governor having his lips

  dripping with the words of interposition and nullification, one day right down in Alabama little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers.

  I have a dream today.

  I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight, and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see it together.

  This is our hope. This is the faith that I go back to the South with. With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. With this faith we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood. With this faith we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day.

  This will be the day when all of God's children will be able to sing with new meaning.

  My country, this of thee, Sweet land of liberty, Of thee I sing: Land where my fathers died, Land of the pilgrims' pride, From every mountainside, Let freedom ring. 译文:

  今天,我高兴地同大家一起,参加这次将成为我国历史上为了争取自由而举行的最伟大的示威集会。

  一百年前,一位伟大的美国人签署了解放黑奴宣言,今天我们就是在他的雕像前集会。这一庄严宣言犹如灯塔的光芒,给千百万在那摧残生命的不义之火中受煎熬的黑奴带来了希望。它的到来犹如欢乐的黎明,结束了束缚黑人的漫漫长夜。

  然而一百年后的今天,黑人还没有得到自由,一百年后的今天,在种族隔离的镣铐和种族歧视的枷锁下,黑人的生活备受压榨。一百年后的今天,黑人仍生活在物质充裕的海洋中一个贫困的孤岛上。一百年后的今天,黑人仍然萎缩在美国社会的角落里,并且意识到自己是故土家园中的流亡者。今天我们在这里集会,就是要把这种骇人听闻的情况公诸于众。

  我并非没有注意到,参加今天集会的人中,有些受尽苦难和折磨,有些刚刚走出窄小的牢房,有些由于寻求自由,曾在居住地惨遭疯狂迫害的打击,并在警察暴行的旋风中摇摇欲坠。你们是人为痛苦的长期受难者。坚持下去吧,要坚决相信,忍受不应得的痛苦是一种赎罪。

  让我们回到密西西比去,回到阿拉巴马去,回到南卡罗莱纳去,回到佐治亚去,回到路易斯安那去,回到我们北方城市中的贫民区和少数民族居住区去,要心中有数,这种状况是能够也必将改变的。我们不要陷入绝望而不能自拔。

  朋友们,今天我对你们说,在此时此刻,我们虽然遭受种种困难和挫折,我仍然有一个梦想。这个梦是深深扎根于美国的梦想中的。

  我梦想有一天,这个国家会站立起来,真正实现其信条的真谛:“我们认为这些真理是不言而喻的;人人生而平等。”

  我梦想有一天,在佐治亚的红山上,昔日奴隶的儿子将能够和昔日奴隶主的儿子坐在一起,共叙兄弟情谊。

  我梦想有一天,甚至连密西西比州这个正义匿迹,压迫成风,如同沙漠般的

  地方,也将变成自由和正义的绿洲。

  我梦想有一天,我的四个孩子将在一个不是以他们的肤色,而是以他们的品格优劣来评判他们的国度里生活。

  我今天有一个梦想。

  我梦想有一天,阿拉巴马州能够有所转变,尽管该州州长现在仍然满口异议,反对联邦法令,但有朝一日,那里的黑人男孩和女孩将能够与白人男孩和女孩情同骨肉,携手并进。

  我今天有一个梦想。

  我梦想有一天,幽谷上升,高山下降,坎坷曲折之路成坦途,圣光披露,满照人间。

  这就是我们的希望。我怀着这种信念回到南方。有了这个信念,我们将能从绝望之岭劈出一块希望之石。有了这个信念,我们将能把这个国家刺耳的争吵声,改变成为一支洋溢手足之情的优美交响曲。有了这个信念,我们将能一起工作,一起祈祷,一起斗争,一起坐牢,一起维护自由;因为我们知道,终有一天,我们是会自由的。

  在自由到来的那一天,上帝的所有儿女们将以新的含义高唱这支歌:“我的祖国,美丽的自由之乡,我为您歌唱。您是父辈逝去的地方,您是最初移民的骄傲,让自由之声响彻每个山冈。”

  (二)奥巴马开学演讲“我们为什么要上学”节选

  I'm here today because I have something important to discuss with you. I'm here because I want to talk with you about your education and what's expected of all of you in this new school year.

  Now, I've given a lot of speeches about education. And I've talked about responsibility a lot. I've talked about teachers' responsibility for inspiring students and pushing you to learn. I've talked about your parents' responsibility for making sure you stay on track, and you get your homework done, and don't spend every waking hour in front of the TV or with the Xbox. I've talked a lot about your government's responsibility for setting high standards, and supporting teachers and principals, and turning around schools that aren't working, where students aren't getting the opportunities that they deserve.

  But at the end of the day, we can have the most dedicated teachers, the most supportive parents, the best schools in the world -- and none of it will make a difference, none of it will matter unless all of you fulfill your responsibilities, unless you show up to those schools, unless you pay attention to those teachers, unless you listen to your parents and grandparents and other adults and put in the hard work it takes to succeed. That's what I want to focus on today: the responsibility each of you has for your education.

  I want to start with the responsibility you have to yourself. Every single one of you has something that you're good at. Every single one of you has something to offer. And you have a responsibility to yourself to discover what that is. That's the opportunity an education can provide.

  Maybe you could be a great writer -- maybe even good enough to write a book or articles in a newspaper -- but you might not know it until you write that English paper -- that English class paper that's assigned to you. Maybe you could be an innovator or

  an inventor -- maybe even good enough to come up with the next iPhone or the new medicine or vaccine -- but you might not know it until you do your project for your science class. Maybe you could be a mayor or a senator or a Supreme Court justice -- but you might not know that until you join student government or the debate team.

  And no matter what you want to do with your life, I guarantee that you'll need an education to do it. You want to be a doctor, or a teacher, or a police officerYou want to be a nurse or an architect, a lawyer or a member of our militaryYou're going to need a good education for every single one of those careers. You cannot drop out of school and just drop into a good job. You've got to train for it and work for it and learn for it.

  You'll need the knowledge and problem-solving skills you learn in science and math to cure diseases like cancer and AIDS, and to develop new energy technologies and protect our environment. You'll need the insights and critical-thinking skills you gain in history and social studies to fight poverty and homelessness, crime and discrimination, and make our nation more fair and more free. You'll need the creativity and ingenuity you develop in all your classes to build new companies that will create new jobs and boost our economy.

  Now, I know it's not always easy to do well in school. I know a lot of you have challenges in your lives right now that can make it hard to focus on your schoolwork. I get it. I know what it's like. My father left my family when I was two years old, and I was raised by a single mom who had to work and who struggled at times to pay the bills and wasn't always able to give us the things that other kids had. There were times when I missed having a father in my life. There were times when I was lonely and I felt like I didn't fit in.

  Maybe you don't have adults in your life who give you the support that you need. Maybe someone in your family has lost their job and there's not enough money to go around. Maybe you live in a neighborhood where you don't feel safe, or have friends who are pressuring you to do things you know aren't right.

  But at the end of the day, the circumstances of your life -- what you look like, where you come from, how much money you have, what you've got going on at home -- none of that is an excuse for neglecting your homework or having a bad attitude in school. That's no excuse for talking back to your teacher, or cutting class, or dropping out of school. There is no excuse for not trying.

  译文:

  我今天来到这里,是为了和你们讨论一些重要的事情。我要和你们讨论你们的教育问题,以及在新的学年里,你们都应当做些什么。

  我做过许多次有关教育问题的讲话。我特别强调责任。我讲过老师们有责任鼓励和启发你们,督促你们学习。我讲过家长们有责任确保你们能在学习的状态,按部就班,完成家庭作业,不要把很多时光都花在电视和游戏机上。我也多次谈到过政府有责任制定严格的教学标准,支持老师和校长们的工作,扭转某些学校工作失调、学生失学的现象。

  但是,即使把一切做到最好,即使有最尽职的老师、鼎力支持的家长和最优越的教学设施,如果你们不恪尽自己那一份责任,一切也都会归于徒劳——除非你们能每天按时上学、注意听讲、把师长们的谆谆告诫铭记在心、付出成功所必需的努力,否则,一切都无济于事!这就是今天我要锁定的主题:对于你们所受的教育,你们每一个人都有责任,而且责无旁贷!

  我先从你们对于自己都有什么责任讲起。你们每一个人都有自己的专长。每一个人都会有所作为和贡献。发现自己——发现自己的潜质或潜能——首先就是你们自己的责任!教育给了你们发现自己的机会。

  或许你会成为一位足以著书立说的大作家和记者,但是如果不在作文课上经常练习写作,你就永远不会意识到这一点。或许你会成为一位革新能手或发明家,让人们享用你开发的新一代手机,或救死扶伤的新药和疫苗,但如果你不上理科课、搞搞项目,就不会发现自己这方面的天赋。你将来还可能是一位市长、参议员或大法官,但若不参加学生会工作或辩论团队,就很可能毫无觉察、自我埋没,让机遇擦肩而过。

  我可以向你们保证,不管你将来想要做什么工作和现在生活条件怎样,你都需要接受相应的教育,来实现自己的理想。你想成为一位医生、教师或警官?还是想成为一位护士、建筑师、律师或是军人?无论你选择哪一种职业,接受良好的教育都是必由之路,别无选择。不完成学业就得不到一份称心的工作。无论做什么,你都需要接受培训,都需要勤奋工作,都需要努力学习。

  你们需要通过理科课程的学习,获取知识和解决问题的技能,治疗癌症和艾滋病,开发新能源技术和保护人类的生存环境。你们需要从文科学习中培养洞察力和批判性思维,消灭贫困、愚昧、犯罪和歧视现象,使我们的国家更加公平和自由。你们需要在各门课程的学习中,厚积薄发,开发自己的创新能力和独门绝技,创业并组建公司,扩大就业机会,振兴我们的经济。

  我也知道在校学习并非总是轻车熟道、一帆风顺。我很了解你们在生活中面临着很多困难和挑战,使你们难以潜心学业。我深有体会。我两岁时,父亲离开了我们,我由单身母亲抚育成人。她不得不去拼命打工、奋斗,有时连帐单都无力支付,别人家的孩子有的东西,她常常买不起给我们。在我幼小的心灵里,虽说有母爱恩深似海,却仍然留有一大片空白和缺憾——多少次我怀念起父爱如山,多少次我深感孤独无助,与周边环境格格不入。

  你们当中有些同学可能更加困难,可能在你们的生活中,没有成人能给出你们所需要的那些支持。你们家庭中可能会有人失业,经济拮据。可能你们生活在不够安全的邻里环境,或受到过行为不端朋友的影响。

  但无论如何,你的生活现状——你的外表、出身、家境——都不是你忽视家庭作业或在校表现不好的借口。你们没有顶撞老师、旷课或辍学的借口。你们没有不努力学习的借口。

  (三)What I feared most for myself at your age was not poverty, but failure.

  At your age, in spite of a distinct lack of motivation at university, where I had spent far too long in the coffee bar writing stories, and far too little time at lectures, I had a knack for passing examinations, and that, for years, had been the measure of success in my life and that of my peers.

  I am not dull enough to suppose that because you are young, gifted and well-educated, you have never known hardship or heartbreak. Talent and intelligence

  篇三:高二英语写作

  英语写作课三部曲:本文以作者近年来的英语写作课教学经验以及对英语写作课教学法的摸索为基础,以国外专家的相关理论为指导,论述了英语写作课中的三个重要环节和一些具体有效的英语写作教学方法。

  一、制定教学计划(Syllabus Design)

  英语里有这样一句话:“A good beginning makesa good ending”,要上好英语写作课,首先须要制定出一个详细具体的教学计划,才能保证教学工作有条不紊、善始善终。

  在制定英语写作课教学计划时,应考虑到总的教学目标、不同阶段的子目标,以及为了达到各个目标所采用的教学方法、课堂教学活动的策划、学生写作练习的安排和要求、检测效果的手段等等。以笔者的教学计划为例,一般包括以下细节:①该学期将要讲授的写作技巧和写作过程练习的重点;②课堂上要涉及的语法及句法等语言方面的内容;③要求学生完成写作作业的篇数,其中包括课堂限时写作的篇数及时间限制,和课后经过一稿甚至数稿修改完成的作文篇数;④在课程进行期问,如何检测学生写作技能和语言能力的提高;⑤写作课上阅读内容及阅读量的计划;⑥写作课分数或学分的标准。

  制定好计划后,在上第一堂课时教师应向学生讲明教学计划的内容,以便使学生了解该课的目的、重点和要求。如果学生心目中没有一个明确的认识,不知如何利用该课程来培养和提高自己的写作能力,只靠教师一方的努力是很难达到教学目标的。不论是严格地还是灵活地执行教学计划。有一点不能改变,教师都要利用课堂_lj勺每一分钟让学生充分地学习和练习写作原则。须知要写出一篇好的作品需经过长时间的练习过程,并具备一定的语言能力,没有捷径可走。还有一点不可忽视,即培养学生的读者意识。一部作品的内容、文体、语言等都取决于该作品未来的读者,因为作者的作品将成为读者的读物,作者所作应以读者所需为宗旨。在这些基本思想的指导下,写作课就会如同车间一样,学生们在此学习和掌握写作知识和技巧,并进行实际操练,构思、写提纲、初稿、修改(自己修改或在老师的帮助下修改),直至出成品。通过大量反复练习.学生最终学会独立做自己作品的读者,按照课程的要求创作、修改和定形自己的作品,使写作课的教学计划得到圆满的完成。

  二、英语写作课堂(The Writing Class)

  多年来,英语写作课堂上应用的传统而普遍的教学方法是教师先讲授写作知识、技巧和原则等,并以实例说明,之后是学生实践,他们围绕一个主题进行集体或小组讨论,汇集素材,开拓思路,集思广益,或进行课堂限时写作练习,或做一些有针对性的写作过程的练习,或各种语法、语言方面的练习等等。这一切活动构成了英语写作课堂,也取得了一定的效果。笔者认为,做~些有关阅读理解、文体修辞、篇章结构等方面的练习,会令写作课更加生动有趣,这种语言输入与输出的有机结合将促进写作课再上一个台阶。原杭州大学外语学院将写作课与阅读课合二为一,为我们树立了教学改革的榜样,带给我们一些启示。下面主要就这种做法的必要性阐述笔者的一些观点。

  写作与阅读的关系是密不可分的。二年级以上的学生在写作课堂上正式练习英语写作之前在阅读课上曾做过的一些阅读练习,如有关主题和细节的讨论、对精彩句子的`意释(paraphrase)、应用关联词方面的练习等,都可以说是写作课的预备练习,他们在与写作课同时开设的阅读课上所学的知识也有助于提高和加强写作水平和技能。

  阅读可为学生直观地奠定写作基础。通过阅读英语范文,学生首先对英语文章的“面貌”及组织结构产生直接的感受和认识,其次,在做规定写作练习时,他们可以借鉴和模仿同一类型的范文,因此,阅读的输入能够帮助学生认识英文写作,并且为培养他们的写作能力起到一个潜移默化的作用。大量细致而深入的阅读练习可以强化学生对文体的选择、语言特色和展开主题的方式以及所产生的不同的写作效果等方面的意识,这种意识为学生逐渐学会成功进行书面,甚至口头交流,起了很大的积极作用。

  此外,写作课教师为配合学生练习写作所精选的范文,不仅向学生展示了英语文章的风采,学生通过总结、意释、合成文章的主题思想,锻炼和提高了自己的阅读理解能力,学会赏析精品佳作,更重要的是学生通过大量的阅读可以逐渐地培养语感,学会英文式思维。由于大多数学生一般都是用中文构思,再译成英文,所以导致英语作文不伦不类。在汉语语言的环境里英语阅读虽不是唯一的语言输入途径,但却是解决这一问题的最有效的办法。最后,对于把英语作为一门外语学习的中国学生来说。由于受到阅读技巧和能力,以及资料来源和学习氛围等主客观方面的限制,难以广泛大量地阅读英语作品,而一个语言能力缺乏的读者要想成为~个高水平的作者是几乎不可能的,为此,将英文写作课同阅读相结合就更加显得必要和实际。阅读已成为过程写作教学法(process approach)的一个组成部分。

  三、学生作文的反馈目的与方式

  1.反馈目的

  对学生的英文写作进行必要的反馈,总的说来,是为了帮助学生提高英文水平.这似乎在明确地要求写作课教师,要采用恰当有效的反馈方法,同时,还须随时了解和掌握学生的每一个进步。写作课,顾名思义,主要是讲授英文的写作特点、技巧及惯用法,并通过写作练习培养学生的写作能力。不同于语法课,它不再以句子的语法结构为授课的中心内容,那么,究竟采用什么样的反馈方式有助于学生掌握写作技巧,从而提高英文水平呢从一份对学生的调查问卷中,笔者得出这样的结果:就一般的写作课作业丽言,教师的评语对学生的影响相对甚微。有些学生并不详细地阅读教师的评语,而是只关注教师的评分;有些学生不能真正领会教师评语的意义,在下一次的写作中依然不知该如何改进;还有一些学生看评语是为了揣摩教师的评分标准。从而在今后的写作中投其所好;另外.还有部分学生对教师关于作文内容方面的评语不感兴趣,却希望教师一一指出作文中的全部错误。但是,对于学生毕业论文或征集文稿等的每一次草稿,教师的评语及面谈方式得到了学生作者极大的重视,收到了良好的效果,笔者认为,这是反馈目的变得更加具体明确的缘故。因此,在选用多种不同的反馈方式之前,教师应首先确立反馈的目的,以便使学生从中最大程度的获益。

  2.反馈方式

  对待英文写作课作业的传统方法是教师逐篇批发、写评语,这无疑花费了教师大量的时间和精力。其实,写作课教师不仅仅是学生作品的审判官。也是教练和编辑顾问。学生接受反馈信息是写作课必不可少的,但方法有多种,可以是书面的,也可以是口头的,教师可以同学生整体进行交流,也可以同学生个别进行交流,可以是老师批改学生的作文,也可以学生之间相互批改等等。下面主要谈谈两种笔者尝试过并认为较为有效的做法。

  (1)个别谈话(Individual Conference)

  学英语的学生,由于受到用外语表达思想感情的障碍,更加需要与教师个别谈话,一般lO到15分钟即可达到目的。这样,教师可以通过直接问话的方式,了解学生没有表达清楚的本意,同时,也帮助了学生透彻地理解教师的评语,正确认识自己的问题所在,此外,学生还可以从中学到许多意外的知识。比教师在课堂上对全体学生做一般笼统的讲评效果更理想。

  (2)学生批发作文(Peer Editing)

  学生之间相互批发作文“is a key component of classrooms teaching writing as a process in the Li environment”,从笔者的课堂实践来看,这种方法在中国学生学习英文写作的课堂上依然是有效和成功的。同桌或前后桌的学生交换作文,彼此为对方提出自己的观点和看法,指出错误,甚至通过辩论达到共识。但是,由于学生还没有完全具备英语语言能力,这种做法需在教师的指导下进行,教师可在黑板上写出一些问题,引导学生有针对性地阅读作文,找出不恰当之处,如:语病句、不相关的论点或论据等等,并将问题明确标出,然后与作者共同讨论如何修改.

  四、结语

  英语写作是一种综合能力的应用。集写作技巧、语言功底、逻辑思维、知识水平等于一体。教中国学生用英语写作是一项艰难复杂的教学任务,需付出长时间的不懈努力;很多学生练习了数年却依然感到进步不理想也实属正常。英语写作课的教学法有多种,写作课教师所做的教学工作也远不止该文所涉及的三个方面。随着教学改革工作不断深入地展开,笔者希望能与同行经常继续探讨更多的适合中国学生学习特点的、有益于培养和提高学生的写作和语言能力的有效的方法。

  词块理论与中学英语词汇教学:中小学生在英语学习过程中遇到的一大难题就是词汇记不住,记不牢,加之《新课标》对词汇量要求的增加,笔者通过对词汇法理论及其理论依据的学习,认为用组块进行词汇教学,是解决学生词汇匮乏的一条有效途径。

  一、问题的提出

  根据对中小学英语教学现状的调查我们发现,中小学生在英语学习过程中遇到的一大难题就是词汇记不住,记不牢,渐渐失去学英语的兴趣和信心,然而,2001 年我国教育部制定并颁发的《英语课程标准》规定了小学、初中、高中各阶段学生应掌握的词汇量,其中规定高中阶段应掌握3300 个单词,这与过去的词汇要求相比,总词汇量几乎增加了一倍。如果不解决学生词汇难学、难记的现状,就很难使学生掌握《新课标》所规定的词汇量,如果没有足够数量的词汇积累,提高学生英语综合能力就成了无本之木。

  二、词汇法理论及其分类

  英国著名语言学家D. A. Wilkins 说: “没有语法,人们不能表达很多东西; 而没有词汇,人们则无法表达任何东西。”这句话指出了词汇在语言学习中的重要地位,且这里所说的词汇不同于传统语法学派对词汇的认识。词汇学派给词汇( Lexis) 赋予了新的含义即词汇( Lexis) 不仅仅包括单个的词,还包括语言使用者大脑中所储存的所有短语搭配惯用话语指形式固定或半固定、具有固定语用功能的单词组合。这样就大大扩充了词汇的范畴。词汇学派强调,语言正是由这些有意义的语块( chunks) 组成。语言习得的关键是掌握和运用语言交流中以整体形式频繁出现的固定短语、搭配和句型等“预制语块”( prefabricatedchunks) 。词汇不仅具有语法特征,还兼具语用功能,是形式和功能的合成体。

  词汇的分类: 根据Lewis ( 1993 )的理论,词汇项目( 1exical items) 主要分为以下四类:

  1)单词( words) 和短语( polywords) 。单词来的。为此,采用组块记忆是中学生词汇量扩大的有效途径。

  三、在词汇教学中,笔者认为应该从以下几个方面进行组块

  第一,根据单词内部的字母组合构建单词的读音、拼写、和意义的组块模式; 可分两个步骤。

  1) 根据单词内的字母组合读音规则来拼写组块; 英语中很多单词的读音和拼写有着密切联系,有人把读音规则比作记忆单词的“拐杖”,如元音字母在重读开音节和闭音节单词中读音,元音字母和辅音字母组合、元音字母组合、辅音字母组合等的读音和拼写等。学生熟练运用读音规则记忆单词,就能根据单词写出音标,也能根据音标写出单词。以读音规则和字母组合的形式将单词的字母组合成几个字母一组的词块,并从中找出规律,那么单词的记忆就变成了可以公式化的模式,只要掌握了读音规则和组合规律,单词记忆就在短时记忆之中增加了记忆数量,从而使短期内提高词汇量成为可能。

  2) 根据单词内部的音、形、义组块; 这个步骤主要解决词义问题,可采用以下组块联想方法。

  首先,在单音节单词中,按照词源把英语单词的首字母看作表义( 即象形) ,其余大多是表音来组块,比如: 英文中的W 是由埃及的象形文字符号“水”“~”演变成w,字母P 代表了手的形状. 因此英语中和“水”相关的文字把单词开头的位置留辅音字母w,如water 水weep 泪wave波wash 洗wine 酒。我们可以对学生解释: 看到w - water从两个眼睛ee 里淌到手掌心里,即: weep,同样M 是山,w是水,于是管男人叫做man,女人似流水般温柔,就称女人为woman,等等。

  其次,在多音节单词中,通过把多音节的单词分解成词根,词源、词缀来构建词块意思; 教师引导学生利用英语单词的构词特点,找出生词中所蕴含的旧词或旧词根、词缀( 旧组块) ,挖掘生词与旧词的内在联系或结合已有知识经验人为地建立形象联系,形成新的组块,从而记住生词。比如: influence 可以构建三块: in - flu - ence 其中in是前缀表示向里, flu 是词根,表示流动,来自词源flow ,在压缩组块时,把“o“去掉,剩下flw ,w 不好发音就改成“u”, ence 是名词后缀。这样音义组合为“往里流”引申为: 影响。

  最后,利用分解找熟,以熟记新的办法: 在单词学习过程中,主要引导学生联想新熟词之间的联系; 生词中包含学过的词即熟词,在新旧词之间人为地建立联系,这样新旧单词有机地联系起来记忆,不但复习、巩固了旧词,还使新词记起来更容易,减轻了记忆负担。比如: candidate,我们可以把它分解找熟为: can( 能) - did( 做) - ate( 吃) ,再以熟记新产生联想: “能吃能做的人才能当候选人“

  第二,单词与单词间的组块构建记忆法。

  1) 搭配组合联想; 学习生词时,教师引导学生通过联系生词的搭配、组合来记生词。因为搭配组合中的其它词常是早已熟悉的旧词,通过生词与其搭配的联系记忆生

  2) 搭配( collocations) 。如,commit crimes,heavy rain等。

  3) 惯用语( institutionalized utterances) 。如: I’ll get it.也可以是一些非完整的句型如,Would you mind…

  4) 句子框架或句式( sentence frames or heads) 。句型如: It is…that /who…

  我国语言学者钱瑗提出: 让学生掌握有关英语词项的搭配或组合方面的知识对于扩大词汇量,提高语言能力是有好处的。可见,把词块理论贯穿于英语词汇教学始终是非常必要。

  四、词块理论的理论依据

  美国心理学家George A Miller 提出短时记忆容量为7+ / - 2,Miller 提出了组块( chunk) 概念。外部环境中的信息通过接受器( ( 眼睛、耳朵等) 被传送到神经中枢的感觉记录器。信息在短时记忆中保存的时间不长,约十秒至二十秒之间,而短时记忆的容量也有限,在7 + / - 2 个单位之间,这个单位叫块 。

  也就是说,如果不复习,人对感知的信息只能记住五至九个没有联系的单位。虽然短时记忆容量小,但我们可以借助自己的已有知识和经验,让这些单位之间发生有意义的联系,将大量可用的信息组成少量的块,这样,记忆广度将大大增大。这一关于人类记忆的成果被人们逐渐引人到语言和词汇习得的研究上,米勒称此种意义单位为组块。学习英文时由字母而单词,由单词而短句,由短句而长句,都是将零碎信息经心理运作变成多个组块之后记下词,使生词拥有牢固的附着点,从而使已有的记忆组块扩大并建立新的词块。

  2) 同韵词搜索联想策略: 在学生学习生词或复习单词时,教师引导学生根据生词的词尾,通过变换首字母或前几个字母,搜索出已学过的具有相同词尾的旧词,通过形象联想将这些词有逻辑的组合起来,形成一个大的组块,既复习了旧词,又记住了生词,由其他同韵词就可回忆起生词来。如学习生词pill( 名词,药丸) 时,教师引导学生找出以- ill 结尾的词,由字母A 依次搜索、回想到Z,就可找出下列学过的旧词bill、fill、hill、ill、kill、mill、pill、till、will。然后让学生根据单词联想这样一种情景: 小山中有一座装满药丸的面粉厂,直到将要杀死病人时才被发现。

  3) 语义联想。在学生学习或复习单词时,教师引导学生根据单词语义间的各种联系( 同义、反义、种属、邻近、修饰、搭配等等) 与以前学过的旧词联系起来,形成语义对或语义网,从而扩大原有的组块或形成一个更有序的组块,促进记忆。语义联想有以下几种方式: 第一种是由某一个词联想到与其词义相近的旧词,如: 由某一个词联想到与其同类的词,如学习geography 时,联系history、chemistry、biology、mathematics、Chinese、English、P. E、physics,从而构成同类词种属块( subject) 。

  4) 充分利用阅读、练习和听力材料组块。Altenberg ( 1998)的研究发现,英语自然话语中有90%是通过语块来实现的。那么,作为基础阶段的中学教材也如此。教师要善于从课文阅读中,课后练习中、及听力材料中含有新词、旧词新意、语义难懂等真实而地道的语块作为教学重点。首先让学生意识到语块的存在是掌握词汇的关键,那些固定的和半固定模式化了的词块结构是人类语言交际的最小单位。并利用美国心理学家George A Miller 提出短时记忆容量为7 + / - 2,的理论向学生解释语块是较大的词汇构块,有时甚至是整个句子。

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高二英语作文:Spring is coming on 高二英语作文:Embrace today